Friendship The Four Characteristics Of True Friendships

As we go through life, we encounter many people on a day-to-day-basis. Over time, those encounters form relationships, typically friendships. While we may have many friends, we may only have a few true friends. When the term â€Å"true friend† is mentioned, certain people may come to mind. But what exactly defines a true friend? True friendship can be classified by four main characteristics: similar interests, good influence, common values, and commitment to happiness. Similar interests can cause initial interaction and provide a common ground for people. By acquiring or possessing a similar interest with someone, you have provided yourself with common ground with another person. This common ground that you now share with the other person†¦show more content†¦Similar to common interests, common values create an emotional tie between the two parties. When the two have similar values, they can sympathize with the other, which creates that emotional tie. However, if the opinions of both parties are drastically different on a majority of topics, it becomes difficult for true friendship to flourish. When both parties hold opposing values to the other, arguments could ensue and lead to a toxic friendship. A key characteristic that defines a true friend is if they are a good influence. True friends typically provide balance to one another, pushing one another to reach their full potentials and not succumb to imperative influences. When balance is created between true friends, both parties benefit from this mutual positive influence. One example from my personal life is my relationship with my best friend. Both myself and my best friend are good influences on one another, as we bring out the best in each other and push one another to reach our full potentials. As true friends, we act as positive influences on one another to push forward and to reach our full potential, even if the situation we are in is difficult and troublesome. Not only do we act as g ood influences on one another, helping the other become a model person, but we act as positive influences on each other, acting for the happiness and good of the other person. Most importantly, mutual commitmentShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1246 Words   |  5 Pagessupplies, and money that the family needed (Rathus, 2010). There are four main differences between the genders: physical, cognitive, personality, and behaviors. Physical differences are the most obvious differences between genders. Those differences come from the primary and secondary sex characteristics. The primary sex characteristics of females are their ovaries and males have testes. As far as secondary sex characteristics, females tend to have wider hips and smaller bodies and males tend toRead MoreThis Essay Will Evaluate The Use Of Observation As A Method1388 Words   |  6 PagesBandura et al. cited in Oates (2012). Observation can either be a technique for gathering data or the design of a study. The observational methods contrast with experimental methods as the researcher does not manipulate an independent variable. There are four categories of observation; the controlled observation when participants are observed in the environment under the observers control, such as Milgram cited in Banyard (2010), where the filming of parti cipants occurred to observe their emotional reactions;Read MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Four Loves Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pages Many cruel things in the world are done in the name of â€Å"love.† But in what face of love are these acts fulfilled through? Is it through friendship? Or mere affection? Perhaps lust? Or, though unlikely, unconditional love? The nature of love is a prominent theme in Till We Have Faces. Every relationship in this book is unique -- there are no two alike. In every relationship, there is a â€Å"love† factor. Unfortunately, in En glish, there are no words to distinguish different types of the loveRead MoreThe Trait Theory Of Leadership1739 Words   |  7 PagesThe trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). Trait theory can be defined as the range of qualities that can consistently differentiate a non-leader from someone who is an effective leader (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader and someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish strong leadershipRead MoreThe Lewis s The Four Loves Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe book, The Four Loves, Lewis dissects the different forms of love. There are many connections to be made between characters throughout Till We Have Faces and the four different types of love: Storge, Philia, Eros, and Agape. Each of the four loves plays a part in the plot of the st ory. The first of these loves is storge. Storge, Greek for affection, is the love in which physical features do not have importance. An example would be a love for a family member or close friend (Four Loves 31-32).Read MoreThe Lewis s The Four Loves Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesthe book, The Four Loves, Lewis dissects the different forms of love. There are many connections to be made between characters throughout Till We Have Faces and the four different types of love: Storge, Philia, Eros, and Agape. Each of the four loves plays a part in the plot of the story. The first of these loves is storge. Storge, Greek for affection, is the love in which physical features do not have importance. An example would be a love for a family member or close friend (Four Loves 31-32).Read MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Evaluate The Use Of Observation1485 Words   |  6 Pagesal. cited in Oates (2012). Observation can either be a technique for gathering data or the design of a study. The observational methods contrast with experimental methods because the researcher does not manipulate an independent variable. There are four categories of observation; the controlled observation when participants are observed in the environment under the observers control, such as Milgram cited in Banyard (2010), where the filming of participants occurred to observe their emotional reactions;Read MoreEssay about The Screwtape Letters - Types of Love1321 Words   |  6 PagesWhile attending Oxford University, C.S. Lewis went from being an atheist to a renowned Christia n. Lewis touched a vast audience with his numerous books (around thirty or more) including The Screwtape Letters, Mere Christianity, and The Four Loves. He brought fantasy and entertainment into his writing along with slight to thunderous bits of theology woven through his stories and books. This made Lewis one of the most influential Christian writers of the 20th century. One of the better known books

American Revolution and William Byrd Essay - 650 Words

â€Å"The British American: William Byrd in Two Worlds† 1. How did William Byrd’s life in Virginia reflect British influences? How did it reflect American characteristics? (Mention pertinent customs, interests, institutions, and objects.) 2. In view of William Byrd’s great wealth and influence in Virginia, why didn’t he simply stay in America? 3. In what respects was colonial Virginia an aristocratic society? In what respects was it democratic? 4. The author suggests that in England, William Byrd was something of a gadabout, whereas in America his life was more stable and constructive. In what ways do Byrd’s vocational, intellectual, and sexual activities support this argument? 5. This chapter describes several levels†¦show more content†¦2. In what ways did Boucher contribute to colonial society and education while he was in America? 3. Like the Patriots, Jonathan Boucher opposed the Stamp Act—why? 4. What was Boucher’s position on the questions of bishops and clerical salaries? How did his thinking on these issues influence his relationship to the Revolutionary movement? 5. Why did Jonathan Boucher leave America? How did other people treat him in his final months in the colonies? 6. What was the Lockean view of government? In what ways did Boucher support it? What was the philosophical basis of his opposition to the Revolution? 7. What did Jonathan Boucher mean when he argued that liberty is merely a â€Å"phantom†Ã¢â‚¬â€a â€Å"magical and misleading word†? 8. Were the Patriots justified in driving Jonathan Boucher into exile? Should they have allowed Tories the same liberty they demanded for themselves? â€Å"The American Revolution, 1776: The Continental Army in the Year of Independence† 1.The author claims that American independence did not become a reality on July 4, 1776. In what ways was America still subordinate to Britain after Independence Day? 2. For what reasons did people join and desert the Continental army? 3. What were George Washington’s principal accomplishments and weaknesses as a military leader in 1775–1776? 4. Why was Washington â€Å"wearied to death† in 1776? 5. Describe the contribution of eachShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution Was Politically, But Not Socially Radical Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor the elite class, the American Revolution was politically, but not socially radical. Radical is advocating extreme measures to keep a particular status. In a revolution, something that starts on top should end on top. England turned attention to the colonials, imposing new regulations and taxes, jeopardizing the elites’ way of life. The American Revolution was politically radical for the elites because they successfully navigated the steps from English tyranny to a ratified constitution, whichRead MoreColonial America: Founding the Dream Essay example1742 Words   |  7 Pagesalso led to the discovery of the American Dream which became defined by the colonial Americans and generations to come as a second chance for economic opportunity and religious freedom. The first colonists to arrive in America established Jamestown, Virginia and sought new economic opportunities away from Europe. After the Spanish discovered the West Indies and the rich mines they held, young English men also sought these riches on the North American mainland (Byrd 131). Unfortunately, gold wasRead MoreAge of Revolutions Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pages) What do you think was the most important outcome of the Age of Revolutions? 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Unquestionably the familys prerogative to an extra ethnically blended space of the town uncovered the youthfulRead MoreAmerica, A Narrative History Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pages The primary problem the explorers faced was with the current inhabitants of the lands they wanted to conquer, especially with the cultural differences between populations. On article that exemplifies the cultural differences between the Native Americans and the Spanish Explorers is the third-person biographical narrative called â€Å"The Collision of Cultures.† The narrative gives the reader insight on what the indians and the explorers pre-judgement of one another, based off of what the parties believedRead MoreCreating the Constitution978 Words   |  4 Pagesquandaries in this country; it offered quite a challenge because the document lent itself to several views and interpretations, depending upon the individual reading it. 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I would accept this thesis if it had stated that men living in cities before the Civil War engaged in sports to define themselves, publicly, and manly. The word that made me disagree with the original thesis is the word â€Å"primarily†. I am not stating that men did not engage in sport to define themselves, publicly, as manly, but I do not think thatRead More american li t1157 Words   |  5 Pages When did American Literature begin? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-with the Native Americans Three dominant characteristics/themes of Native American Literature? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1. Relationship with the land nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2. Belief in the Great Manito nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3. Use of natural images How did Columbus describe the New World? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-astonishing, colorful, marvelous speed of the canoes, a paradise Identify: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Bay

Professional Interviews Free Essays

Professional Interviews Socorro Contreras Psy/480 Elements of Clinical Psychology March 18, 2013 Dr. Carla Wright Professional Interviews Clinical psychology is a broad ranged profession but the main focus is based on assessment, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. Two interviews were obtained so that a comparison can be made between a clinical psychologist and a clinical therapist and the roles both professionals play in mental health. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Interviews or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some special areas are child, adult mental health, substance abuse, and abnormal emotional disturbances (Cherry, 2013). Therapists are just as important in the treatment of clients. The role in which a therapist plays is counseling one person or a group mostly in psychological or emotional issue. A clinical therapist uses tools to obtain information, such as a questionnaire. It is used to implement treatment. The main role of a clinical therapist is to modify behavior, for example stress by managing stress with relaxation (Dot-Job-Description, 2012). Interview with Dr. Steibe-Pasalich, PhD Dr. Steibe-Pasalich is a director of the counseling center at University of Norte Dame. She has been practicing for since 1978. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich’s area is individual, and group counseling, also outreach, and crisis intervention. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich also counsels faculty and family members. His specialty area is providing intake and emergency services to the students. She oversees internship programs and supervises unlicensed practioners. She also functions as the chief psychologist. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich does not hold any other special certifications but she has the knowledge to facilitate positive behavior. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich approaches therapy through regular APA standards and does use different techniques for intervention. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich state her challenges with ethical and legal issues include managing a talented mental health staff in which is respectful. Workload and self-care is just another challenging struggle and learning to delegate tasks appropriately. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich believes the future psychology is balancing the mission of counseling centers on campuses of higher education with respect to treating serious disturbed students while providing preventative outreach to those students experiencing developmental challenges. Second is the issue of privacy versus the role of consultation with parents and or other university administrators. Another emerging challenge is the role and place of clinical psychologists on threat assessment teams, groups designed to manage and assess risk as it pertains to high-profile or acting out students on college campuses. Another view is the salient issue and the need for education still to be done on campuses in reducing the stigma associated with emotional illness. She enjoys seeing the changes in individuals and enjoys being the director at a higher education setting. Interview with Kimberly Taylor Livsey, MS, LPC Kimberly practices in an outpatient setting and she treats patients at home as well. Kimberly has been in practice for nine years. Kimberly’s focus is in the child and adolescent population. Her specialty is sexual abuse, sexual offenders, substance users, depression, and anxiety. Some of the most common disorders in which Kimberly treats are Major Depression, Bipolar, General Anxiety, Cannabis Abuse/Dependence, ADHD, Adjustment Disorder, and PTSD. Certifications can be expensive but Kimberly has had extensive training in additional areas, such as evidenced-based treatments for trauma including TF-CBT and additional coursework in substance abuse treatment. Kimberly approaches treatment by using CBT and behavioral and play techniques. She also mixes other techniques to serve her purpose. The most challenging ethical and legal issue is with insurance companies, which Kimberly believes does not compensate as it should and the other challenge is working with children and not breaking confidentiality with his or her parents and struggle to contact DCFS in some cases. These cases make it difficult because of ethical guidelines she must follow. It was interesting to know that Kimberly thinks the field of psychology is losing ground because of health coverage but re-energizes when events, such as violent crimes because people need proactive mental health services other than reactive mental health services, which takes stigma away from receiving therapy. Kimberly enjoys about her work is to see the progress in which people make to get better. Kimberly’s advice to people who want to become either a psychologist or a therapist is stick through the struggles and obtain license right away if a person has the love for helping people. Important emotions to have when becoming a therapist include patience, empathy, and compassion. When reading these two interviews, one can acknowledge the similarities and differences. Both use techniques and therapeutic methods, which bring the change of individuals to achieve positive behavior and a successful lifestyle. Both can treat individual or group and organizations. Some differences between these two professionals, psychologist will diagnose a mental disorder and works together with a medical doctor. Psychologist can also do research. A therapist can be psychoanalysts, social workers, and counsel marriages and help clients to solve problems also provide guidance (All Psychology Schools, 2013). At the end both professionals work toward making people feel better about him or herself. Reference All Psychology Schools (2013). Therapist vs. Psychologist. Retrieve from http://www. allpsychologyschools. com/psychology-careers/article/therapist- psychologist How to cite Professional Interviews, Papers

Organ Sales Essay Example For Students

Organ Sales Essay Since 1984, the buying and selling of human organs has been illegal in the United States. This prohibition on organ markets is very controversial. In the future it may not be the problem that it is today because of advances in the field of medicine. Unfortunately, right now there is an increasing scarcity of organs, and the waiting lists for livers, hearts, and other such organs get longer everyday. People are dying from this law, last year, 4,855 people died waiting for organ transplants in the United States (Waiting For a Chance to Live). To remedy this problem, the Federal government should repeal the prohibition on the sale of human organs; they should keep close tabs and impose regulations in order to keep the market fair. This economical and ethical problem is one in which government interference would definitely benefit the individuals involved. If people do truly own one thing, it is our own bodies, and we should be able to do with them as we please. Its legal to sell your ha ir or reproductive materials, but somehow legislators have come to the decision that the sale of a kidney is different than a woman selling a clutch of her eggs. Medical research companies can make huge profits off of products that come from DNA or cells taken without consent. Despite the many ethical concerns that some individuals may have, in a free country we should have the profit in any way we can so long as it doesnt hurt others. Any living individual should be able to sell their organs, but only to the governments, as some experts in the field of transplants have proposed. The government could then disperse the organs as they saw fit, to the sickest individuals first. There should also be stringent regulations on the condition of the organs being sold, so as to avoid an influx of bad organs into the market from people who are desperate for money. Blood banks had a quality problem until they switched to a strictly voluntary basis, but that is the system which organ banks use n ow, and it is obviously hopelessly inadequate. There are simply too few people willing to donate their organs. Brian Nottage says of the wait for kidneys, If allowed to trade freely, an equilibrium quantity that is higher than this amount would surely result, eliminating most of the shortage and waiting time. His numbers indicate that a $20,000 increase in the price for a kidney would bring around a 50% higher donation rate. He also says that the deadweight loss of welfare ?could be as high as $100 million. Cadaver organs should also be considered fair game as well. Some prominent people in the medical and ethical communities have advanced the idea that unless otherwise specified, consent for donation should be assumed. This is also how some European nations have come to deal with the ever-growing problem. Improvements during the past decade in the safety and effectiveness of liver, heart, and kidney transplants induced a rapid growth in the demand for organs, which now far exceeds supply. (How Uncle Sam Could Ease the Organ Shortage) This shows how the demand for organs is elastic. The supply of organs is elastic as well, but with no new incentives to donate or the right to sell organs, the supply has leveled off, leaving an increasing amount of people on waiting lists. Now, while government interference in trade is usually a bad thing, it would in this case help to ensure that everyone in need of a transplant received one. There are stories of wealthy foreigners coming to American cli nics and using money to jump the waiting lists and get transplants while poorer people go without the kidneys or livers they need. Because a binding price ceiling would cause a shortage, the government should let the market find its own equilibrium. But because this could conceivably leave people without the means to purchase one on their own out in the cold, the government could help poorer patients out financially in some manner. The advantages of a repeal on the prohibition would be that thousands of people who otherwise would have died while waiting for an organ transplant would live, and others can have a little bit of extra money as well as the knowledge that they helped someone live. There are plenty of stories about organ thieves, because it is said, that if any market is illegal, there will be a black market for it. Legalizing organ sales would wipe out any chance of this happening at all, farfetched as it is. If the market for organs was legalized, it would initially raise the price of organs. However, as more and more transplants were performed because supply was meeting demand, or at least coming closer, the operations would become much more routine, and the price would fall as this happened, which would make it more affordable for everyone. English Essays

Great Gatsby Consumer Culture Portrayal free essay sample

The rights that are most likely to be violated by the MNCs include â€Å"non-discrimination, women rights, life, liberty and physical integrity of the person, civil freedoms, employees’ rights, child labour, slavery, forced and bonded labour, right to food, health, education and housing and lastly, the environmental rights as a result of economic globalisation. † Besides, as regards with the threat of MNCs on human rights, some opponents have argued that the negative effects of corporations on human rights in development can be divided into two categories. First, the corporation may directly violate human rights by itself or in conjunction with another actor. This typically involves civil and political rights, such as the right to personal security. For example, â€Å"a corporation may hire state security forces to protect its facilities that engage in torture as occurred in Myanmar in association with Unocal Corp. † Also, a corporation may directly violate rights by prohibiting collective bargaining or discriminating against minorities. The second category concerns indirect effects. This involves the corporation’s influence on host governments. Corporations can undermine the state’s stability to fulfil human rights law. They use their influence to encourage governments to adopt policies of liberalization, deregulation and privatization that ignore human rights consequences. It is clear to say that, the policies and activities of TNCs directly give negative impacts to the state because of state policy usually based on the business demand rather than people demand therefore it leads to the poor democracy. Then, it can threaten the state sovereignty and democracy. However, it should be noted that, there are some positive influences of the MNCs; therefore, it is necessary to manage and control MNCs conduct by establishing and adopting policies and initiatives in order to minimize effects of MNCs on human rights.Corporations have duties and obligations under international human rights law. They have begun to accept increased responsibility in conjunction with their increased role in international relations and human rights. Voluntary initiatives, on the other hand, created by the private sector are likely agreed to exercise the self-regulation in order to make them more socially responsible. Thus, in order to manage globalisation, â€Å"there are two possibly ways that MNCs can be held accountable and socially responsible for their human rights and there are following, first, through legal liability and second, through non-legal means Legal Liability Means As regards with the legal liability, there are two ways that MNCs can be held accountable which is either being directly or indirectly. Indirectly, means government or state can control the activities of MNCs for the purpose of humanity. Therefore, it is necessary for the state to regulate the companies operating in order to protect the rights of people. As regards with the matter of national laws â€Å"There are two possible ways of monitoring national laws in which this indirect obligation must be enforced. First, by ensuring that rights protect in international treaty obligations are present in national law together with a functioning legal system to enforce them. The second is by ensuring that the legal system is indeed functioning, i. e. that it does not contain loopholes which corporations can exploit to behave in a way which violates human rights. In addition, and bringing states to account on these responsibilities can force them to put pressure on companies. So, it is important to pressure both MNCs’ home states to ensure that they act responsibly in other countries, and the host states where MNEs operate to formulate and implement appropriate legislation regulating business activity in their jurisdiction and not to collude with MNCs. As regards with international legal codes, it can establish coherent universal standards and can also provide a ‘level playing field’ for all businesses; something cannot be done by an array of codes of conduct. Finally, there is some evidence that business leaders prefer obligation and clarity instead of voluntarism and confusion. While the extant of international legal framework impose legal obligations to respect human rights mainly on states and intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), there is no logical reason that MNCs cannot bear human rights-related obligations. This is because; the preamble of the UDHR is addressed not only to states but also to ‘every individual and every organ of society’. Therefore, it is not possible for non-sates actors including MNCs whose action have a strong impact on the enjoyment of human rights by the larger society, to absolve themselves from the duty to uphold international human rights standards. On the other hand, imposing regulations directly on MNCs offers greater possibilities for winning actual redress for victims of abuses by MNCs. While approaches in the host country are usually fruitless, approaches can be made under either domestic or international law. † Non-legal Means As regards with the non-legal means or voluntary initiatives are also very important, in order to punish the companies that fail to protect the fundamental of human rights. However, these instruments are non-binding, and therefore create no legal duties to observe the standards contained therein. Furthermore, voluntary approaches to improving corporate conduct have taken place at both collective and individual levels.

How To Find And Write Bibliographical Essay Samples

How To Find And Write Bibliographical Essay SamplesBibliographical essay samples are very good resources to find samples of the topic you are writing about. The problem is, as a writer, you may not have the time to find your samples yourself. This may not be a good thing. If you can't write your own samples, at least you can find them online.You will find a lot of websites that offer you a number of bibliographical essay samples. Many of these come in the form of short essays, and many of these essays are online. The challenge is, because there are so many samples of writing for your target topic, how do you know which ones to use? I have some suggestions.The most important thing you need to think about when you are looking for samples is how long it takes you to complete the work. If you want your writing to be as close to perfect as possible, you need to find samples that are longer. Also, try to find samples that are easier to read. You don't want to end up with your readers looki ng for answers.When you're looking for samples, look for the actual words in the sample. They should be words that you can understand when you begin reading the essay. The sample may contain more information, but if you don't have an idea of what the sample is about, it's probably not the best choice.Another thing to look for is a sample that is easy to put into the text. If you've ever written a sample before, you know how hard it is to rearrange things and create a coherent structure. With the long essay samples, you may be faced with an argument or argumentative text. You may not want to spend the time rearranging your own work. If you can add something like a table of contents, or you can insert a key to the essay, you may be able to change your topic without too much trouble.Often, the essays samples are used as links. In this case, your focus should be on how the essay looks to your reader. You should ask yourself if the wordings and structures make sense to the reader. If the y do, then you have successfully found your bibliographical essay samples.It's time to put your bibliographical essay samples to use. Spend some time brainstorming with friends and other writers. We may be able to come up with a couple of titles for your essays.

The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post

Introduction The international system after the Cold War changed the appearance of the world order drastically. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America remained the most powerful country in the world. Thus, the post-Cold War era is characterized by the so-called unipolarity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post-Cold War Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dominant position of the United States is a distinctive feature of the post-Cold War period. The relationships between the US and the Middle East underwent significant modifications too. The shift from bipolar to unipolar international system gave the USA possibility to promote the peaceful coexistence of countries in the Middle East, but the failure to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict and the terrorist attacks on 9/11 made the USA prove its supremacy as a superpower. The International System during the Cold War The aim of the essay is to evaluate the impact of the shift from bipolar to the unipolar international system on the Middle East. Consequently, it is necessary to provide an overview of the Cold War period first. The Cold War commenced after the end of the Second World War. The timeframe of this period is 1945-1989. After the overthrow of the Nazi’s Germany, the whole world expected to enter the era of democracy. Nevertheless, the most devastating human war gave rise to the next conflict. The principal feature of the Cold War world was the rivalry between the United Stated of America and the former USSR (Phillips 2001). One should understand that the Cold War was not a conflict only between the USA and the USSR. The whole world was divided into two parts. It was the conflict of ideologies. Several reasons preceded the development of the world order during the Cold War. The role of the USSR in the Second World War predetermined its future position. Thus, the country enlarged its territories after the war. Besides, the USSR’s army achieved the victory at Stalingrad, and it became the watershed moment of the war. This event changed the perception of the USSR. It was known as the country that changed the march of history. Also, the USSR’s ideological system began spreading in European countries. The last significant factor was that the demobilization did not concern the Red Army at the end of the war. The Soviet Union had a superiority regarding military power (CVCE 2015). At the same time, the Soviet Union damages were the most devastating. The country lost almost thirty million people during the war. Its industry was utterly ruined. The USSR had no air or navy forces. It had no nuclear weapon too. Despite all these disadvantages, the country remained the other significant power due to its contributions to the war (Painter Leffler 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of the United States of America in the WWII was also significant. Although the country did not have substantial losses, it contributed substantially to the achievement of the common victory. Almost all US Army was demobilized a few months before the end of the war. Nevertheless, the US Army remained the strongest in the world. The US’ air and navy forces were incomparable to any other in the world. Also, the economy of the country was the most powerful. The war destroyed everything in other European countries while the US retained its industrial and agricultural capacities. As a result, the dollar became the primary international currency, and the country established its position in the arena of global politics (CVCE 2015). Even more, the country benefited significantly from the war. Thus, its gross domestic product almost doubled during the period of the WWII. The country was the only producer of n uclear weapons until 1949 (Painter Leffler 2005). National Interests in the Middle East The Cold War did not begin in the Middle East. Nevertheless, the Middle East always a played a substantial part in the international affairs. Khalidi (2009) provides readers with four main points concerning the role of the Middle East in the international system during the Cold War. The author starts with the fact that territories of the Middle East have always been used for particular activities of European states. Khalidi (2009, p. 15) writes that ‘the Middle East was an important arena for the operation of the traditional European state system, but Middle Eastern countries were not fully accepted as a part of that system’. The author provides the Ottoman Empire as the example. The Empire controlled vast areas in the southern Europe. Although European states participated in the intensive rivalry with the Ottoman Empire, the latter was not regarded as a part of the international sy stem despite its might. Khalidi (2009) also emphasizes the fact that the European countries do not want to recognize non-Christian societies as equal. The second point refers to the idea of the promotion of independence and integration. During the Cold War period, the United Nations Charter and the Covenant of the League of Nations were proclaimed. According to these treaties, countries unified as participants in the new international order. Again, some states of the Middle East were not included in these agreements. For example, the Palestinians, the Armenians, and the Kurds were not given the possibility to enjoy the international world order (Khalidi 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post-Cold War Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third idea of the author concerns the role of the Middle East’ territories in Western rivalries. Despite changes in the international system, the Middle East remained the primary field for the struggle between two supreme powers — the US and the Soviet Union. Thus, both states aimed at achieving dominance over the region. Khalidi (2009, p. 16) claims, ‘states and peoples in the Middle East were essential objects but were generally not allowed to be subjects, of international relations’. The bipolar Cold War engaged such countries as Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Israel, and Egypt in the rivalry. Consequently, people and weak states were victims of the polarized world. Finally, the author points at the ineffectiveness of the international systems. The task of the international unions such as United Nations is to promote a peaceful existence of all countries. It is logical that United Nations should restrict USA’s intentions to became a dominant power in the Middle East. On the contrary, it seemed that such actions were even favored. The degree to which the US was allowed to ac t in Iraq and Palestine should serve as examples of the statement. Plans for the Middle East Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union had particular intentions concerning the Middle East. However, their targets were not interconnected initially. Before the development of rivalry with the USSR, America’s primary interest in the Middle East concerned oil. According to Sasley (2014), the United States produced two-thirds of the total oil output in the world. A few years later, the government realized that the source of petroleum was not endless. The only solution was to look for foreign sources of oil. Otherwise, America would lose its power. Initially, the Soviet Union had domestic motives for the expansion in the Middle East (Dannreuther 2012). As Sasley (2014) writes, all Russian czars shared the idea of the necessity to expand Russian territories. Central Asia and the Middle East were ideal areas for expansion. However, the plan was difficult to realize because of crucial differences between nations. Also, Communists were afraid of potential rebels. The competition between countries began when both the US and the Soviet Union realized the need to prevent the expansion of the rival state. Haliday (2005) differentiates four stages of the Cold War that are characterized by particular effects on the Middle East.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first phase commenced immediately after the end of the WWII in 1945 and lasted until 1955. The conflict occurred in the â€Å"northern tier† — non-Arab countries (Turkey and Iran) that underwent massive devastation from both the USSR and the USA (Harbutt 2010). During the second stage, the USSR enhanced the power of several radical countries of the Middle East including Syria, Iraq, and Egypt. At the same time, the USA supported Jordan and Saudi Arabia (conservative countries). This period resulted in deep crisis known as the â€Å"Arab Cold War† (Immerman Goedde 2013). The next stage started in 1975 and lasted until 1985. It was the period of the most intense rivalry between the US and the USSR. During that phase, the relationships between countries of the Middle East aggravated. It resulted in the protracted Afghanistan war. According to Ajami (1978), such situation led to the end of the pan-Arabism. The decline of the Muslim order and unity was caused by rivalry between the US and the USSR, the Palestine defeat, the Six Day War, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. The last stage had positive effects on the Middle East. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the USSR. He promoted the idea of â€Å"new thinking†. As Zubok (2007, p. 304) writes, ‘this man [Mikhail Gorbachev] did more than anyone else to the end of the Cold War between East and West’. Gorbachev’s political activity resulted in the recognition of Israel by PLO, the end of the Iraq-Iran war, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, and the unity of two Yemens (Haliday 2005). The International System during the Post-Cold War Period The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. As a result, only one major power left — the USA. The international system shifted from bipolar to unipolar. The end of the Cold War had both positive and adverse effects on the world and the Middle East, in particular. On the one hand, the rivalry b etween ideologies ended. Consequently, conflicts between them ended too. On the contrary, other conflicts arose, especially in post-Soviet areas (Yilmaz 2008). Monteiro (2012) defines three distinctive features of the unipolar system. First, an inter-state system presupposes the peaceful coexistence of many states. Second, the unipolar system is anarchic. Anarchy means the inability to control all places in the world at the same time. Third, power is not balanced in the unipolar system due to the lack of competition. Once there is a competitive force, it is no longer a unipolar system. The impact of the USA’s dominance on the Middle East The history of the Middle East changed drastically since the end of the Cold War. The United States of America increased its hegemony in the Middle East region. There were no rivals to oppose the country. As a result, countries of the Middle East fell under the influence of the US. The history of the USA’s impact on the Middle East dur ing the post-Cold War era concerns four major events. These events include the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles, terrorist attack on September 9 in 2001, and the occupation of Iraq in 2003. All these experiences are extremely controversial from the point of view of their effectiveness and necessity. On the one hand, the US promoted peace in the Middle East and opposed terrorist organizations. On the contrary, the US followed particular national purposes and interfered in the political system of the Middle East. In the following part of the paper, all main events will be examined separately. The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Saddam Hussein, being the president of Iraq, initiated the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops in 1990. Hussein engaged one hundred thousand troops to invade small Kuwait. The latter had no more than fifteen thousand troops to oppose Iraqi forces (Rice 2009). The reason for conflict referred to Iraq’s urgent need to sta bilize its economy. After the war in 1988, Iraq was bankrupt. Kuwait was rich in oil resources. Iraq’s government claimed to Kuwait as a territory of Iraq. Initially, the United Stated did not interfere in the conflict. Together with UN, they imposed sanctions on Iraq and followed the policy of condemnation. Nevertheless, such reaction did not bring any result. Later, Saudi Arabia, the neighbor of Kuwait, asked the US to provide military assistance. The US became interested in the protection of Kuwait as far as it was close to Saudi Arabia. As far as Kuwait was not far from Saudi Arabia’s oil fields, Hussein had the opportunity to seize them as well. Consequently, there was a need to react adequately. The US initiated the mission known as Operation Desert Storm to prevent the invasion (Gulf War, n.d.). Kuwait was liberated although the conflict was not resolved. This event aggravated the relationships between Iraq and the US. On the other hand, the US protected rights of the state and promoted peace in the Middle East. The Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles The US participated in the long-lasting Arab-Israeli conflict since its inception. In the post-Cold War period, the US aimed at promoting peace in both Israel and Palestine. The interference of the US positively affected this issue. The USA, being the superpower, did not need Israel to oppose the Soviet Union anymore. At the same time, Palestine lost the support of the USSR and was more open to collaboration (Ross 2010). Consequently, the USA promoted the collaboration. The USA insisted on negotiations. As a result, both countries recognized each other according to the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles in 1993. (Beinin Hajjar 2014). Unfortunately, armistice did not last for a long time. In September 2000, the second intifada (military resistance) started again. This event became one of the prerequisites that changed the US’s attitude towards the Middle East. 9/11 and the US occupation of Iraq in 2003 Terrorist attacks in 2001 altered the USA’s intentions towards the Middle East. At September 11, two hijacked planes were purposely directed into twin towers of the World Trade Centre (McGoldrick 2004). This event was extremely stressful for the whole world. It undermined hope into bright future. The superpower of the world, the USA, turned out to be vulnerable to terrorist attacks. As Rice (2008, p. 5) stated, the United States of America supported the Middle East for sixty years, but ‘after September 11, it became increasingly apparent that this old bargain had produced false stability’. This event made President Bush proclaim the War on Terror and change the foreign policy towards the Middle East. The USA aimed at proving its superiority and ability to protect residents of the country. Events of 9/11 were directly connected to the occupation of Iraq in 2003. President Bush accused Saddam Hussein in the organization of the terrorist attack. Nevertheless, these claims remained unproven though they led to the invasion of Iraq. According to Hinnebusch (2007), there were other motives for the invasion. The advantageous location of the Middle East countries and the hegemony over oil market were unacceptable for the USA. Besides, the country faced the urgent need to increase its oil bases. Iraq had the second largest reserve of petroleum in the world. As far as Saddam Hussein hold the office of president, it was impossible to come to the agreement. Thus, the war with Iraq as a terrorist country was the ideal solution to the problem. Conclusion During the Cold War, the rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union aggravated the situation in many countries in the Middle East. The end of the Cold War led to the formation of one superpower, the USA, and its dominance in the international arena. The USA assisted the Middle East in opposing Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and resolving the Israeli-Palestinian c onflict. Nevertheless, the terrorist attacks on September 11 changed the USA’s foreign policy drastically. Reference List Ajami, F 1978, ‘The End of Pan-Arabism,’ Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 355-373. Beinin, J Hajjar, L 2014, Palestine, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Web. CVCE 2015, The Cold War. Web. Dannreuther, R 2012, ‘Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm,’ Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 543-560. Gulf War n.d.Web. Haliday, F 2005, The Middle East in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Harbutt, F 2010, Yalta 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hinnebusch, R 2007, ‘The American Invasion of Iraq: Causes and Consequences,’ Perceptions, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 9-27. Immerman, R Goedde, P 2013, The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Khalidi, T 2009, Sowing Crisis, Beacon Press, Boston. McGoldrick, D 2 004, From 9-11 to Iraq War 2003, Hart Publishing, Oxford. Monteiro, N 2012, ‘Unrest Assured,’ International Security, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 9-40. Painter, D Leffler, M 2005, Origins of the Cold War, Routledge, London. Phillips, S 2001, The Cold War: Conflict In Europe and Asia, Heinemann, Frankfurt. Rice, C 2008, ‘Rethinking the National Interest: American Realism for a New World,’ Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 1-10. Rice, E 2009, Overview of the Persian Gulf War, 1990, Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc., Newark. Ross, S 2010, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Hachette, Paris. Sasley, B 2014, The Cold War in the Middle East, Mason Crest, Broomall. Yilmaz, M 2008, ‘The New World Order: an Outline of the Post-Cold War Era,’ Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 44-58. Zubok, V 2007, A Failed Empire: A Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. This essay on The US Influence on the Middle East in the Post-Cold War Era was written and submitted by user Houston Hendricks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.