The Origins Of Christianity By Najr �� N - 1598 Words

5.2 Origins of Christianity in NajrÄ n The story of arriving Christianity to NajrÄ n is shrouded by controversy Muslim and Christian sources. This controversy can be seen in arguing particular issues such as the approximate date of arrival, the country where Christianity came from and the first person who evangelised to Christian faith. For Eastern Christian sources, the oldest date was claimed by Ä «bn MattaÃŒ  (1896), tells that the Saint Mar Marry, one of the 70th evangelists who spread after the time Jesus Christ, preached to Christianity in Arab lands, residents of tents, Yemen and NajrÄ n. Differently, the history of Church introduces other versions of that arrival, one of them offered by Eusebius (1998), who lived in the first half of the†¦show more content†¦The Nestorian works, especially the Chronicle of Seert (anonymous, 1907) and AkhbaÌ„r fatÃŒ £aÌ„rikat kursiÌ„ al-Mashriq min KitaÌ„b al-Majda (Ä «bn SulaymaÌ„n, 1899) provide another version for the introduction of Christianity to NajrÄ n. Both tell that the NajrÄ nite trader called HÃŒ £ayyÄ n traveled to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople for trade and then he went to al-HÄ «ra (HÄ «rat al-Nu’man), an ancient city in south of Mesopotamia (Iraq), in the reign of the Sasanian emperor, Yazdegerd I 399 -420 AD (ibid). The story states that HÃŒ £ayyÄ n saw how Christians prayed and worshiped and subsequently he converted to Christianity and had baptized in its church (ibid). After returning to NajrÄ n, HÃŒ £ayyÄ n invited his family and other NajrÄ nites to his religion and Christianity became spread among many people of NajrÄ n and near HÃŒ £imyarite regions (ibid: 3). In addition, there is Abyssinian version for reaching the Christianity to Najran, states that the priest Azkir could establish new church and baptised 38 Christians in Najran by the second half of fifth century (Budge, 1928). For Muslim sources, there are two similar versions of arriving Christianity to NajrÄ n. In the first, historians such as Ibn-IshÃŒ £Ã„ q (1955), al-Mas’udi (1981) and Ibn HishÃŒÅ'aÌ„m (1994) relate that Christianity brought by a Christian ascetic called FaymiyÃ… «n (Phemion), coming from Syria (ShaÌ„m) to Arabia for working as a

1983 Apush Dbq - Example Document Based Question - 1056 Words

James McManus Mr. Colameco AP United States History 7 January 2013 Example Document Based Question Nearly all of the reasons for agrarian discontent in the late 19th century stem from three areas: land, transportation, and money. The farmers were fighting the perceived threats posed by monopolies and trusts, railroads, and the demonetization of silver. The American farmer during this period already had his fair share of problems which, compared to the success of the industrialized businessmen, resulted in much of the animosity between the two groups. The fact of the matter was farmers had entered a viscous cycle. Wheat and cotton, once the staples of American agriculture were selling at such low prices that it was almost impossible†¦show more content†¦As crop prices fell, farmers were forced to mortgage their lands and take out loans in order to grow more and more crop just to break even. When these tactics were ultimately unsuccessful, the banks closed in and quickly foreclosed on the farmers estates. These mass foreclosures led to a beli ef among farmers that they were all slaves to their â€Å"eastern masters† and that only the freedom of unlimited silver would release them from their shackles. One can see the argument from the farmer’s side. The banks gave out loans with exorbitant interest rates simply because they could. From 1865 to 1895, the population had risen by close to eighty percent whereas the amount of currency in circulation had only gone up by about sixty percent. With this deflation, the farmers were paying back double and triple the amount of money that they had originally borrowed. With free coinage of silver, these loans would be balanced and the farmers could suddenly afford their mortgages. This argument for silver was made famous by William Jennings Bryan’s â€Å"Cross of Gold’’ speech at the democratic nomination convention. Bryan would not rest until the Crime of 1873 was rectified. McKinley however shows the counter argument towards this radical inflation . Coining silver would be a temporary stay of execution for the farmers. It would not make farming any more profitable, but would only cheat the banks out of money that the farmers had agreed to pay them. The farmers were

Friendship The Four Characteristics Of True Friendships

As we go through life, we encounter many people on a day-to-day-basis. Over time, those encounters form relationships, typically friendships. While we may have many friends, we may only have a few true friends. When the term â€Å"true friend† is mentioned, certain people may come to mind. But what exactly defines a true friend? True friendship can be classified by four main characteristics: similar interests, good influence, common values, and commitment to happiness. Similar interests can cause initial interaction and provide a common ground for people. By acquiring or possessing a similar interest with someone, you have provided yourself with common ground with another person. This common ground that you now share with the other person†¦show more content†¦Similar to common interests, common values create an emotional tie between the two parties. When the two have similar values, they can sympathize with the other, which creates that emotional tie. However, if the opinions of both parties are drastically different on a majority of topics, it becomes difficult for true friendship to flourish. When both parties hold opposing values to the other, arguments could ensue and lead to a toxic friendship. A key characteristic that defines a true friend is if they are a good influence. True friends typically provide balance to one another, pushing one another to reach their full potentials and not succumb to imperative influences. When balance is created between true friends, both parties benefit from this mutual positive influence. One example from my personal life is my relationship with my best friend. Both myself and my best friend are good influences on one another, as we bring out the best in each other and push one another to reach our full potentials. As true friends, we act as positive influences on one another to push forward and to reach our full potential, even if the situation we are in is difficult and troublesome. Not only do we act as g ood influences on one another, helping the other become a model person, but we act as positive influences on each other, acting for the happiness and good of the other person. Most importantly, mutual commitmentShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1246 Words   |  5 Pagessupplies, and money that the family needed (Rathus, 2010). There are four main differences between the genders: physical, cognitive, personality, and behaviors. Physical differences are the most obvious differences between genders. Those differences come from the primary and secondary sex characteristics. The primary sex characteristics of females are their ovaries and males have testes. As far as secondary sex characteristics, females tend to have wider hips and smaller bodies and males tend toRead MoreThis Essay Will Evaluate The Use Of Observation As A Method1388 Words   |  6 PagesBandura et al. cited in Oates (2012). Observation can either be a technique for gathering data or the design of a study. The observational methods contrast with experimental methods as the researcher does not manipulate an independent variable. There are four categories of observation; the controlled observation when participants are observed in the environment under the observers control, such as Milgram cited in Banyard (2010), where the filming of parti cipants occurred to observe their emotional reactions;Read MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Four Loves Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pages Many cruel things in the world are done in the name of â€Å"love.† But in what face of love are these acts fulfilled through? Is it through friendship? Or mere affection? Perhaps lust? Or, though unlikely, unconditional love? The nature of love is a prominent theme in Till We Have Faces. Every relationship in this book is unique -- there are no two alike. In every relationship, there is a â€Å"love† factor. Unfortunately, in En glish, there are no words to distinguish different types of the loveRead MoreThe Trait Theory Of Leadership1739 Words   |  7 PagesThe trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). Trait theory can be defined as the range of qualities that can consistently differentiate a non-leader from someone who is an effective leader (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader and someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish strong leadershipRead MoreThe Lewis s The Four Loves Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe book, The Four Loves, Lewis dissects the different forms of love. There are many connections to be made between characters throughout Till We Have Faces and the four different types of love: Storge, Philia, Eros, and Agape. Each of the four loves plays a part in the plot of the st ory. The first of these loves is storge. Storge, Greek for affection, is the love in which physical features do not have importance. An example would be a love for a family member or close friend (Four Loves 31-32).Read MoreThe Lewis s The Four Loves Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesthe book, The Four Loves, Lewis dissects the different forms of love. There are many connections to be made between characters throughout Till We Have Faces and the four different types of love: Storge, Philia, Eros, and Agape. Each of the four loves plays a part in the plot of the story. The first of these loves is storge. Storge, Greek for affection, is the love in which physical features do not have importance. An example would be a love for a family member or close friend (Four Loves 31-32).Read MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Evaluate The Use Of Observation1485 Words   |  6 Pagesal. cited in Oates (2012). Observation can either be a technique for gathering data or the design of a study. The observational methods contrast with experimental methods because the researcher does not manipulate an independent variable. There are four categories of observation; the controlled observation when participants are observed in the environment under the observers control, such as Milgram cited in Banyard (2010), where the filming of participants occurred to observe their emotional reactions;Read MoreEssay about The Screwtape Letters - Types of Love1321 Words   |  6 PagesWhile attending Oxford University, C.S. Lewis went from being an atheist to a renowned Christia n. Lewis touched a vast audience with his numerous books (around thirty or more) including The Screwtape Letters, Mere Christianity, and The Four Loves. He brought fantasy and entertainment into his writing along with slight to thunderous bits of theology woven through his stories and books. This made Lewis one of the most influential Christian writers of the 20th century. One of the better known books

American Revolution and William Byrd Essay - 650 Words

â€Å"The British American: William Byrd in Two Worlds† 1. How did William Byrd’s life in Virginia reflect British influences? How did it reflect American characteristics? (Mention pertinent customs, interests, institutions, and objects.) 2. In view of William Byrd’s great wealth and influence in Virginia, why didn’t he simply stay in America? 3. In what respects was colonial Virginia an aristocratic society? In what respects was it democratic? 4. The author suggests that in England, William Byrd was something of a gadabout, whereas in America his life was more stable and constructive. In what ways do Byrd’s vocational, intellectual, and sexual activities support this argument? 5. This chapter describes several levels†¦show more content†¦2. In what ways did Boucher contribute to colonial society and education while he was in America? 3. Like the Patriots, Jonathan Boucher opposed the Stamp Act—why? 4. What was Boucher’s position on the questions of bishops and clerical salaries? How did his thinking on these issues influence his relationship to the Revolutionary movement? 5. Why did Jonathan Boucher leave America? How did other people treat him in his final months in the colonies? 6. What was the Lockean view of government? In what ways did Boucher support it? What was the philosophical basis of his opposition to the Revolution? 7. What did Jonathan Boucher mean when he argued that liberty is merely a â€Å"phantom†Ã¢â‚¬â€a â€Å"magical and misleading word†? 8. Were the Patriots justified in driving Jonathan Boucher into exile? Should they have allowed Tories the same liberty they demanded for themselves? â€Å"The American Revolution, 1776: The Continental Army in the Year of Independence† 1.The author claims that American independence did not become a reality on July 4, 1776. In what ways was America still subordinate to Britain after Independence Day? 2. For what reasons did people join and desert the Continental army? 3. What were George Washington’s principal accomplishments and weaknesses as a military leader in 1775–1776? 4. Why was Washington â€Å"wearied to death† in 1776? 5. Describe the contribution of eachShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution Was Politically, But Not Socially Radical Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor the elite class, the American Revolution was politically, but not socially radical. Radical is advocating extreme measures to keep a particular status. In a revolution, something that starts on top should end on top. England turned attention to the colonials, imposing new regulations and taxes, jeopardizing the elites’ way of life. The American Revolution was politically radical for the elites because they successfully navigated the steps from English tyranny to a ratified constitution, whichRead MoreColonial America: Founding the Dream Essay example1742 Words   |  7 Pagesalso led to the discovery of the American Dream which became defined by the colonial Americans and generations to come as a second chance for economic opportunity and religious freedom. The first colonists to arrive in America established Jamestown, Virginia and sought new economic opportunities away from Europe. After the Spanish discovered the West Indies and the rich mines they held, young English men also sought these riches on the North American mainland (Byrd 131). Unfortunately, gold wasRead MoreAge of Revolutions Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pages) What do you think was the most important outcome of the Age of Revolutions? There have been several vital products of the Age of Revolutions but most importantly was the introduction of post-colonial attitudes with the need of self-governess away from empires overseas. This was achieved through the democracy and constitutions which still are the most important legacy existing in the modern world. It this outcome that societies were able to create influential pieces of works and change how societiesRead MoreTaking a Looka t the Roaring 20s1788 Words   |  7 Pagesnext to no truly a slum, near the maritime shipyard. It had been a troublesome spot offered over to the indecencies needed by mariner characters that frequented the incorporating bars. The family was an every day, law enduring, but shouting Italian-American connection bunch and there has been few signs that the junior hoodlum might wander into a universe of wrongdoing and get open adversary dear. Unquestionably the familys prerogative to an extra ethnically blended space of the town uncovered the youthfulRead MoreAmerica, A Narrative History Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pages The primary problem the explorers faced was with the current inhabitants of the lands they wanted to conquer, especially with the cultural differences between populations. On article that exemplifies the cultural differences between the Native Americans and the Spanish Explorers is the third-person biographical narrative called â€Å"The Collision of Cultures.† The narrative gives the reader insight on what the indians and the explorers pre-judgement of one another, based off of what the parties believedRead MoreCreating the Constitution978 Words   |  4 Pagesquandaries in this country; it offered quite a challenge because the document lent itself to several views and interpretations, depending upon the individual reading it. It is pellucid that the founders’ perspectives as white, affluent or elite class, American citizens would play a role in the engenderment and implementation of The C onstitution. On further analysis, most of the issues within the document were due to prodigious cultural, racial, and economic lifestyles that our country did and will perpetuateRead MoreInfluential Kings in British History1513 Words   |  6 Pagescolonization and trade expansions, which Elizabeth recognized by establishing the East India Company in 1600. The arts thrived during Elizabeth’s reign. The Queens attended the performance of Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream.’ Composers, like William Byrd and Thomas Tallis, worked in the Queen’s court, at the Chapel Royal, and St. James Palace. Elizabeth’s reign was one of triumph and success; she was repeatedly called â€Å"Good Queen Bess.† However, her rule was also one of considerable danger andRead MoreAn Era Of Great Conflict1375 Words   |  6 PagesTocqueville published Democracy in America in 1835 and examined the democratic revolution; he references to American Exceptionalism an d the five characteristics that make America â€Å"Exceptional†. Similarly, the 1950s in America was recognized for its highs and lows. Even with the economy was booming, it was known as an era of great conflict (History.com Staff). In the 1950s, Tocqueville’s five characteristics of American Exceptionalism are invalidated; liberty was not attainable due to the Cold WarRead MoreSport and Manliness in Antebellum America1450 Words   |  6 PagesI do not accept the thesis that American men living in cities before the Civil War engaged in sport primarily to define themselves, publicly, as manly. I would accept this thesis if it had stated that men living in cities before the Civil War engaged in sports to define themselves, publicly, and manly. The word that made me disagree with the original thesis is the word â€Å"primarily†. I am not stating that men did not engage in sport to define themselves, publicly, as manly, but I do not think thatRead More american li t1157 Words   |  5 Pages When did American Literature begin? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-with the Native Americans Three dominant characteristics/themes of Native American Literature? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1. Relationship with the land nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2. Belief in the Great Manito nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3. Use of natural images How did Columbus describe the New World? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-astonishing, colorful, marvelous speed of the canoes, a paradise Identify: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Bay

Professional Interviews Free Essays

Professional Interviews Socorro Contreras Psy/480 Elements of Clinical Psychology March 18, 2013 Dr. Carla Wright Professional Interviews Clinical psychology is a broad ranged profession but the main focus is based on assessment, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. Two interviews were obtained so that a comparison can be made between a clinical psychologist and a clinical therapist and the roles both professionals play in mental health. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Interviews or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some special areas are child, adult mental health, substance abuse, and abnormal emotional disturbances (Cherry, 2013). Therapists are just as important in the treatment of clients. The role in which a therapist plays is counseling one person or a group mostly in psychological or emotional issue. A clinical therapist uses tools to obtain information, such as a questionnaire. It is used to implement treatment. The main role of a clinical therapist is to modify behavior, for example stress by managing stress with relaxation (Dot-Job-Description, 2012). Interview with Dr. Steibe-Pasalich, PhD Dr. Steibe-Pasalich is a director of the counseling center at University of Norte Dame. She has been practicing for since 1978. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich’s area is individual, and group counseling, also outreach, and crisis intervention. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich also counsels faculty and family members. His specialty area is providing intake and emergency services to the students. She oversees internship programs and supervises unlicensed practioners. She also functions as the chief psychologist. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich does not hold any other special certifications but she has the knowledge to facilitate positive behavior. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich approaches therapy through regular APA standards and does use different techniques for intervention. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich state her challenges with ethical and legal issues include managing a talented mental health staff in which is respectful. Workload and self-care is just another challenging struggle and learning to delegate tasks appropriately. Dr. Steibe-Pasalich believes the future psychology is balancing the mission of counseling centers on campuses of higher education with respect to treating serious disturbed students while providing preventative outreach to those students experiencing developmental challenges. Second is the issue of privacy versus the role of consultation with parents and or other university administrators. Another emerging challenge is the role and place of clinical psychologists on threat assessment teams, groups designed to manage and assess risk as it pertains to high-profile or acting out students on college campuses. Another view is the salient issue and the need for education still to be done on campuses in reducing the stigma associated with emotional illness. She enjoys seeing the changes in individuals and enjoys being the director at a higher education setting. Interview with Kimberly Taylor Livsey, MS, LPC Kimberly practices in an outpatient setting and she treats patients at home as well. Kimberly has been in practice for nine years. Kimberly’s focus is in the child and adolescent population. Her specialty is sexual abuse, sexual offenders, substance users, depression, and anxiety. Some of the most common disorders in which Kimberly treats are Major Depression, Bipolar, General Anxiety, Cannabis Abuse/Dependence, ADHD, Adjustment Disorder, and PTSD. Certifications can be expensive but Kimberly has had extensive training in additional areas, such as evidenced-based treatments for trauma including TF-CBT and additional coursework in substance abuse treatment. Kimberly approaches treatment by using CBT and behavioral and play techniques. She also mixes other techniques to serve her purpose. The most challenging ethical and legal issue is with insurance companies, which Kimberly believes does not compensate as it should and the other challenge is working with children and not breaking confidentiality with his or her parents and struggle to contact DCFS in some cases. These cases make it difficult because of ethical guidelines she must follow. It was interesting to know that Kimberly thinks the field of psychology is losing ground because of health coverage but re-energizes when events, such as violent crimes because people need proactive mental health services other than reactive mental health services, which takes stigma away from receiving therapy. Kimberly enjoys about her work is to see the progress in which people make to get better. Kimberly’s advice to people who want to become either a psychologist or a therapist is stick through the struggles and obtain license right away if a person has the love for helping people. Important emotions to have when becoming a therapist include patience, empathy, and compassion. When reading these two interviews, one can acknowledge the similarities and differences. Both use techniques and therapeutic methods, which bring the change of individuals to achieve positive behavior and a successful lifestyle. Both can treat individual or group and organizations. Some differences between these two professionals, psychologist will diagnose a mental disorder and works together with a medical doctor. Psychologist can also do research. A therapist can be psychoanalysts, social workers, and counsel marriages and help clients to solve problems also provide guidance (All Psychology Schools, 2013). At the end both professionals work toward making people feel better about him or herself. Reference All Psychology Schools (2013). Therapist vs. Psychologist. Retrieve from http://www. allpsychologyschools. com/psychology-careers/article/therapist- psychologist How to cite Professional Interviews, Papers

Organ Sales Essay Example For Students

Organ Sales Essay Since 1984, the buying and selling of human organs has been illegal in the United States. This prohibition on organ markets is very controversial. In the future it may not be the problem that it is today because of advances in the field of medicine. Unfortunately, right now there is an increasing scarcity of organs, and the waiting lists for livers, hearts, and other such organs get longer everyday. People are dying from this law, last year, 4,855 people died waiting for organ transplants in the United States (Waiting For a Chance to Live). To remedy this problem, the Federal government should repeal the prohibition on the sale of human organs; they should keep close tabs and impose regulations in order to keep the market fair. This economical and ethical problem is one in which government interference would definitely benefit the individuals involved. If people do truly own one thing, it is our own bodies, and we should be able to do with them as we please. Its legal to sell your ha ir or reproductive materials, but somehow legislators have come to the decision that the sale of a kidney is different than a woman selling a clutch of her eggs. Medical research companies can make huge profits off of products that come from DNA or cells taken without consent. Despite the many ethical concerns that some individuals may have, in a free country we should have the profit in any way we can so long as it doesnt hurt others. Any living individual should be able to sell their organs, but only to the governments, as some experts in the field of transplants have proposed. The government could then disperse the organs as they saw fit, to the sickest individuals first. There should also be stringent regulations on the condition of the organs being sold, so as to avoid an influx of bad organs into the market from people who are desperate for money. Blood banks had a quality problem until they switched to a strictly voluntary basis, but that is the system which organ banks use n ow, and it is obviously hopelessly inadequate. There are simply too few people willing to donate their organs. Brian Nottage says of the wait for kidneys, If allowed to trade freely, an equilibrium quantity that is higher than this amount would surely result, eliminating most of the shortage and waiting time. His numbers indicate that a $20,000 increase in the price for a kidney would bring around a 50% higher donation rate. He also says that the deadweight loss of welfare ?could be as high as $100 million. Cadaver organs should also be considered fair game as well. Some prominent people in the medical and ethical communities have advanced the idea that unless otherwise specified, consent for donation should be assumed. This is also how some European nations have come to deal with the ever-growing problem. Improvements during the past decade in the safety and effectiveness of liver, heart, and kidney transplants induced a rapid growth in the demand for organs, which now far exceeds supply. (How Uncle Sam Could Ease the Organ Shortage) This shows how the demand for organs is elastic. The supply of organs is elastic as well, but with no new incentives to donate or the right to sell organs, the supply has leveled off, leaving an increasing amount of people on waiting lists. Now, while government interference in trade is usually a bad thing, it would in this case help to ensure that everyone in need of a transplant received one. There are stories of wealthy foreigners coming to American cli nics and using money to jump the waiting lists and get transplants while poorer people go without the kidneys or livers they need. Because a binding price ceiling would cause a shortage, the government should let the market find its own equilibrium. But because this could conceivably leave people without the means to purchase one on their own out in the cold, the government could help poorer patients out financially in some manner. The advantages of a repeal on the prohibition would be that thousands of people who otherwise would have died while waiting for an organ transplant would live, and others can have a little bit of extra money as well as the knowledge that they helped someone live. There are plenty of stories about organ thieves, because it is said, that if any market is illegal, there will be a black market for it. Legalizing organ sales would wipe out any chance of this happening at all, farfetched as it is. If the market for organs was legalized, it would initially raise the price of organs. However, as more and more transplants were performed because supply was meeting demand, or at least coming closer, the operations would become much more routine, and the price would fall as this happened, which would make it more affordable for everyone. English Essays

Great Gatsby Consumer Culture Portrayal free essay sample

The rights that are most likely to be violated by the MNCs include â€Å"non-discrimination, women rights, life, liberty and physical integrity of the person, civil freedoms, employees’ rights, child labour, slavery, forced and bonded labour, right to food, health, education and housing and lastly, the environmental rights as a result of economic globalisation. † Besides, as regards with the threat of MNCs on human rights, some opponents have argued that the negative effects of corporations on human rights in development can be divided into two categories. First, the corporation may directly violate human rights by itself or in conjunction with another actor. This typically involves civil and political rights, such as the right to personal security. For example, â€Å"a corporation may hire state security forces to protect its facilities that engage in torture as occurred in Myanmar in association with Unocal Corp. † Also, a corporation may directly violate rights by prohibiting collective bargaining or discriminating against minorities. The second category concerns indirect effects. This involves the corporation’s influence on host governments. Corporations can undermine the state’s stability to fulfil human rights law. They use their influence to encourage governments to adopt policies of liberalization, deregulation and privatization that ignore human rights consequences. It is clear to say that, the policies and activities of TNCs directly give negative impacts to the state because of state policy usually based on the business demand rather than people demand therefore it leads to the poor democracy. Then, it can threaten the state sovereignty and democracy. However, it should be noted that, there are some positive influences of the MNCs; therefore, it is necessary to manage and control MNCs conduct by establishing and adopting policies and initiatives in order to minimize effects of MNCs on human rights.Corporations have duties and obligations under international human rights law. They have begun to accept increased responsibility in conjunction with their increased role in international relations and human rights. Voluntary initiatives, on the other hand, created by the private sector are likely agreed to exercise the self-regulation in order to make them more socially responsible. Thus, in order to manage globalisation, â€Å"there are two possibly ways that MNCs can be held accountable and socially responsible for their human rights and there are following, first, through legal liability and second, through non-legal means Legal Liability Means As regards with the legal liability, there are two ways that MNCs can be held accountable which is either being directly or indirectly. Indirectly, means government or state can control the activities of MNCs for the purpose of humanity. Therefore, it is necessary for the state to regulate the companies operating in order to protect the rights of people. As regards with the matter of national laws â€Å"There are two possible ways of monitoring national laws in which this indirect obligation must be enforced. First, by ensuring that rights protect in international treaty obligations are present in national law together with a functioning legal system to enforce them. The second is by ensuring that the legal system is indeed functioning, i. e. that it does not contain loopholes which corporations can exploit to behave in a way which violates human rights. In addition, and bringing states to account on these responsibilities can force them to put pressure on companies. So, it is important to pressure both MNCs’ home states to ensure that they act responsibly in other countries, and the host states where MNEs operate to formulate and implement appropriate legislation regulating business activity in their jurisdiction and not to collude with MNCs. As regards with international legal codes, it can establish coherent universal standards and can also provide a ‘level playing field’ for all businesses; something cannot be done by an array of codes of conduct. Finally, there is some evidence that business leaders prefer obligation and clarity instead of voluntarism and confusion. While the extant of international legal framework impose legal obligations to respect human rights mainly on states and intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), there is no logical reason that MNCs cannot bear human rights-related obligations. This is because; the preamble of the UDHR is addressed not only to states but also to ‘every individual and every organ of society’. Therefore, it is not possible for non-sates actors including MNCs whose action have a strong impact on the enjoyment of human rights by the larger society, to absolve themselves from the duty to uphold international human rights standards. On the other hand, imposing regulations directly on MNCs offers greater possibilities for winning actual redress for victims of abuses by MNCs. While approaches in the host country are usually fruitless, approaches can be made under either domestic or international law. † Non-legal Means As regards with the non-legal means or voluntary initiatives are also very important, in order to punish the companies that fail to protect the fundamental of human rights. However, these instruments are non-binding, and therefore create no legal duties to observe the standards contained therein. Furthermore, voluntary approaches to improving corporate conduct have taken place at both collective and individual levels.